摘要
教师职业压力问题已成为全社会广泛关注的社会课题。在我国社会转型、高等教育改革全面推进中，高校教师面临着巨大的职业压力。他们所体验到的职业压力，无论是在频率上，还是在强度上，都比以往任何时候强烈。职业压力问题正不同程度地直接影响着高校教师的身心健康和自身的生活工作质量，影响着学生的健康成长以及整个教育事业的发展。因此，对新时期高校教师职业压力的现状、成因进行分析并据此提出有效应对策略，具有非常重要的现实意义。本研究以期能为社会、学校及高校教师自身寻求有效缓释职业压力的措施和方法，为促进高校教师的身心健康提供依据和帮助。
本研究主要采用问卷调查和访谈等研究方法，采取随机抽样的方式对山东省四所高校的400名高校教师进行问卷调查，同时走访其中部分教师与其交谈。通过对山东省四所高校教师进行问卷调查和访谈，主要得出以下结论:
1.从总体上看，高校教师的职业压力比较高，处十轻度职业压力状态的教师占11. 17%;处十中度职业压力状态的教师占59. 84%，此比例已超半数;而具有严重职业压力的教师占22. 61%。具有中度职业压力和严重职业压力的教师总数达到82. 45%。
2.导致高校教师产生职业压力的因素是多方面的，本研究所用量表涉及了五大因素:工作保障因素、工作负荷因素、工作乐趣因素、教学保障因素和人际关系因素，它们共包括24项压力源事件，对压力影响程度较高的压力源事件由高到低依次为:工作要求高;知识危机感；工作岗位的竞争；文化程度低学历低；工作没有乐趣；工作时间长；培训机会少；害怕生病；工作千篇一律；不喜欢现在的学校工作又不得不去做等。
3.不同职称教师的职业压力存在明显差异。具有严重压力的教师中，讲师所占比例最大，助教次之。具有中度压力的教师中，助教所占比例最大，教授次之。具有轻度职业压力的教师中，其中教授所占比例最大，副教授次之，助教与讲师的比例比较接近。
4.对不同教师人群在职业压力各维度的表现进行比较后发现:女性教师在工作负荷方面压力显著地高十男性教师；年龄在31-40岁的教师压力最大，41-50岁教师的压力次之，51-60岁教师的压力最小；从总体上看，教师学历越低，其职业压力越大，本科学历的教师压力感较硕士和博士学历教师要大。
5.不同的压力源因素对教师职业压力的影响程度具有一定差异性。工作要求高、知识危机感、工作岗位的竞争以及学历提升等对教师职业压力的影响较大，本课题对此进行了具体研究。
本课题在借鉴国内外学者研究成果的基础上，针对调查研究结果，对山东省四所高校教师职业压力问题进行了比较系统、深入的分析，探讨导致高校教师职业压力的根本原因，并据此提出了解决这一问题的有效策略。
关键词:高校教师；职业压力；成因；对策
ABSTRACT
The problem of university teachers' professional stress has been a social issues concerned by the whole society. As the style of our society is changing and the comprehensive reform of higher education is promoted, university teachers are under enormous professional pressure. The professional pressure they are experiencing is stronger than ever before both in frequency and intensity. It has influenced the physical and mental health of university teachers and the quality of their own life, the healthy growth of students and the development of education. As a result, analyzing the current and the cause of professional stress based which to come up with effective strategies will do a great sense. I hope this study would provide some basis and help for the society, school and teachers to acquire the solutions of alleviating professional stress, in order to improve the physical and mental health of them.
This study adopted questionnaires and interviews mainly, and other research methods. I take a random sample of 400 college teachers of 4 universities in Shandong Province, and I pay a visit to 4 universities teachers to communicate with at the same time. Based with the survey and interview, I drew some conclusions as follows:
1.In general, university teachers are under enormous professional pressure, and among which the teachers who are facing a little pressure accounted for 11 .17 percent; teachers who are facing moderate pressure accounted for 59.84 percent, exceeding 50; and those who have a serious career pressure accounted for 22.61 percent.Teachers with moderate and severe pressure is up to the total number of 82.45 percent.
